ADVERSE REACTIONS TO BENZODIAZEPINE TRANQUILIZERS, IN PARTICULAR IN THE TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME
Issue:
9
Year:
2017
The paper describes the mechanism of action, classification, effects, specific and non-specific adverse reactions to benzodiazepine tranquilizers (BT). It considers the adverse reactions developing in the treatment of patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The adverse reactions to BT develop in a significant proportion of patients; they are mainly associated with the sedative effects of the drugs and dose-dependent. In this connection, it is relevant to investigate the risk factors and biomarkers, which can predict the development of adverse reactions.
Keywords:
pharmacology
benzodiazepines
alcoholism
alcohol withdrawal syndrome
safety
adverse reactions
References:
- Ladyzhenskij M.Ja., Gorodnichev A.V., Kostjukova E.G. Benzodiazepinovye anksiolitiki: vostrebovany li oni segodnja? // Sovremennaja terapija psihicheskih rasstrojstv. – 2014; 2: 20–5.
- Osadshij Ju.Ju., Voblenko R.A., Archakov D.S. i dr. Mesto benzodiazepinov v sovremennoj terapii psihicheskih rasstrojstv (obzor dokazatel'nyh issledovanij) // Sovremennaja terapija psihicheskih rasstrojstv. – 2016; 1: 2–10.
- Olsen R., Sieghart W. International Union of Pharmacology. LXX. Subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptors: classification on the basis of subunit composition, pharmacology, and function. Update // Pharmacol. Rev. – 2008; 60 (3): 243–60.
- Saari T., Uusi-Oukari M., Ahonen, J. et al. Enhancement of GABAergic activity: neuropharmacological effects of benzodiazepines and therapeutic use in anesthesiology // Pharmacol. Rev. – 2011; 63 (1): 243–67.
- Belelli D. Extrasynaptic GABAA Receptors of Thalamocortical Neurons: A Molecular Target for Hypnotics // J. Neurosci. – 2005; 25 (50): 11513–20.
- Ernst M., Brauchart D., Boresch S. et al. Comparative modeling of GABAA receptors: Limits, insights, future developments // Neuroscience. – 2003; 119 (4): 933–43.
- Greenblatt D., Shader R., Divoll M. et al. Benzodiazepines: a summary of pharmacokinetic properties // Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. – 1981; 11 (Suppl. 1): 11–6.
- Bird R., Makela E. Alcohol withdrawal: What is the benzodiazepine of choice? // Ann. Pharmacother. – 1994; 28 (1): 67–71.
- Kurko T., Saastamoinen L., Tähkäpää S. et al. Long-term use of benzodiazepines: Definitions, prevalence and usage patterns – a systematic review of register-based studies // Eur. Psychiatry. – 2015; 30 (8): 1037–47.
- Martins A., Giordani F., Rozenfeld S. Adverse drug events among adult inpatients: a meta-analysis of observational studies // J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. – 2014; 39 (6): 609–20.
- Jick H. Drugs – remarkably nontoxic // N. Engl. J. Med. – 1974; 291 (16): 824–8.
- Resar R., Rozich J., Simmonds T. et al. A trigger tool to identify adverse events in the intensive care unit // Jt. Comm. J. Qual. Patient. Saf. – 2006; 32 (10): 585–90.
- Nazarenko G.I., Klejmenova E.B., Otdelenov V.A. i dr. Ispol'zovanie triggerov nezhelatel'nyh sobytij dlja vyjavlenija pobochnyh reaktsij pri primenenii lekarstvennyh sredstv v statsionare // Klin. farmakol. i ter. – 2015; 4 (24): 55–62.
- Busto U., Naranjo C., Sellers E. Comparison of two recently published algorithms for assessing the probability of adverse drug reactions // Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. – 1982; 13 (2): 223–7.
- Gallagher R., Kirkham J., Mason J. et al. Development and inter-rater reliability of the Liverpool adverse drug reaction causality assessment tool // PLoS One. – 2011; 6 (12): e28096.
- Chouinard G. Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency, withdrawal, and rebound // J. Clin. Psychiatry. – 2004; 65 (Suppl. 5): 7–12.
- Pariente A., Dartigues J.-F., Benichou J. et al. Benzodiazepines and injurious falls in community dwelling elders // Drugs Aging. – 2008; 25 (1): 61–70.
- Uzun S., Kozumplik O., Jakovljević M. et al. Side effects of treatment with benzodiazepines // Psychiatr. Danub. – 2010; 22 (1): 90–3.
- Arbanas G., Arbanas D., Dujam K. Adverse effects of benzodiazepines in psychiatric outpatients // Psychiatr. Danub. – 2009; 21 (1): 103–7.
- Nott D., Chandrasekar R., Enabi L. et al. Intra-arterial injection of temazepam in drug abusers // Eur. J. Vasc. Surg. – 1993; 7 (1): 87–9.
- Ruben S., Morrison C. Temazepam misuse in a group of injecting drug users // Br. J Addict. – 1992; 87 (10): 1387–92.
- De Witte P., Pinto E., Ansseau M. et al. Alcohol and withdrawal: From animal research to clinical issues // Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. – 2003; 27 (3): 189–97.
- Sachdeva A., Choudhary M., Chandra M. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: Benzodiazepines and Beyond // J. Clin. Diagn. Res. – 2015; 9 (9): VE01–VE07.
- Rubio G., López-Muñoz F., Ponce G. et al. Zonisamide versus diazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome // Pharmacopsychiatry. – 2010; 43 (7): 257–62.
- Addolorato G., Leggio L., Abenavoli L. et al. Baclofen in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A comparative study vs diazepam // Am. J. Med. – 2006; 119 (3): 276.e13–276.e18.
- Lucht M., Kuehn K., Armbruster J. et al. Alcohol withdrawal treatment in intoxicated vs non-intoxicated patients: A controlled open-label study with tiapride/carbamazepine, clomethiazole and diazepam // Alcohol and Alcoholism. – 2003; 38 (2): 168–75.
- Martinotti G., di Nicola M., Frustaci A. et al. Pregabalin, tiapride and lorazepam in alcohol withdrawal syndrome: A multi-centre, randomized, single-blind comparison trial // Addiction. – 2010; 105 (2): 288–99.
- Myrick H., Malcolm R., Randall P. et al. A double-blind trial of gabapentin versus lorazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal // Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. – 2009; 33 (9): 1582–8.
- Kumar C., Andrade C., Murthy P. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lorazepam and chlordiazepoxide in patients with uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal // J. Stud. Alcohol. Drugs. – 2009; 70 (3): 467–74.
- Ramanujam R., Lakshminarayana P., Gopalrao S. et al. A comparative study of the clinical efficacy and safety of Lorazepam and chlordiazepoxide in alcohol dependence syndrome // J. Clin. Diagn. Res. – 2015; 9 (3): FC10–FC13.
- Bonnet U., Lensing M., Specka M., et al. Comparison of two oral symptom-triggered pharmacological inpatient treatments of acute alcohol withdrawal: Clomethiazole vs. Clonazepam // Alcohol and Alcoholism. – 2011; 46 (1): 68–73.
- Crispo A., Daley M., Pepin J. et al. Comparison of clinical outcomes in nonintubated patients with severe alcohol withdrawal syndrome treated with continuous-infusion sedatives: Dexmedetomidine versus benzodiazepines // Pharmacotherapy. – 2014; 34 (9): 910–7.
- Sen S., Grgurich P., Tulolo A. et al. Evaluation of a Symptom-Triggered Benzodiazepine Protocol Utilizing SAS and CIWA-Ar Scoring for the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in the Critically Ill // Ann. Pharmacother. – 2016; 51 (2): 101–10.
- Wong A., Benedict N., Lohr B. et al. Management of benzodiazepine-resistant alcohol withdrawal across a healthcare system: Benzodiazepine dose-escalation with or without propofol // Drug. Alcohol. Depend. – 2015; 154: 296–9.
- Park H., Satoh H., Miki A. et al. Medications associated with falls in older people: systematic review of publications from a recent 5-year period // Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. – 2015; 71 (12): 1429–40.
- Chang C.-M., Chen M.-J., Tsai C.-Y. et al. Medical conditions and medications as risk factors of falls in the inpatient older people: a case-control study // Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. – 2011; 26 (6): 602–7.
- Sgadari A., Lapane K., Mor V. et al. Oxidative and nonoxidative benzodiazepines and the risk of femur fracture. The Systematic Assessment of Geriatric Drug Use Via Epidemiology Study Group // J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. – 2000; 20 (2): 234–9.