CARNITINE: A ROLE IN THE HUMAN ORGANISM AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THERAPEUTIC USE IN VARIOUS DISEASES
Issue:
3
Year:
2017
The paper discusses the possibilities of therapeutic use of L-carnitine (Elkar®) in cardiovascular, liver and kidney diseases, male infertility, Alzheimer’s disease, cachexia, and obesity, in sports medicine.
Keywords:
carnitine
role in the body
therapeutic use
malnutrition
obesity
atherosclerosis
References:
- Luft R., Ikkos D., Palmieri G. et al. A case of severe hypermetabolism of nonthyroid origin with a defect in the maintenance of mitochondrial respiratory control: a correlated clinical, biochemical and morphological study // J. Clin. Invest. – 1962; 41: 1776–804.
- Pola P., Tondi P., dal Lago A. et al. Statistical evaluation of long-term L-carnitine therapy in hyperlipoproteinemias // Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. – 1983; 9: 925–34.
- Dinicolantonio J., Niazi A., McCarty M. et al. L-carnitine for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction // Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. – 2014; 15 (1): 52–62.
- Semigolovskij N.Ju., Vertsinskij E.K., Azanov B.A. i dr. Polozhitel'nye inotropnye svojstva L-karnitina pri sindrome malogo vybrosa u bol'nyh ostrym infarktom miokarda // Kardiologija i serdechno-sosudistaja hirurgija. – 2013; 3: 43–6.
- Glezer M.G., Kiseleva A.E., Astashkin E.I. Vlijanie L-karnitina na ChSS i QT u patsientov s ostrym koronarnym sindromom // Serdtse. – 2015; 14: 78–84.
- Lee B., Lin J., Lin Y. et al Antiinflammatory effects of L-carnitine supplementation (1000 mg/d) in coronary artery disease patients // Nutrition. – 2015; 31 (3): 475–9.
- Leont'eva I.V. Narushenie kletochnoj energetiki pri patologii miokarda. Primenenie L-karnitina / M.: Medpraktika-M, 2009; 52 s.
- Silverio R., Laviano A., Fanelli F. et al. L-carnitine and cancer cachexia: clinical and experimental aspects // J. Cachexia, sarcopenia, muscle. – 2011; 2 (1): 37–44.
- Madeddu C., Dessi M., Panzone F. et al. Randomized phase III Clinical trial of a combined treatment with carnitine + celecoxib ± megestrol acetate for patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia syndrome // Clin. Nutr. – 2012; 31 (2): 176–82.
- Gramignano G., Lusso M., Madeddu C. et al. Efficacy of L-carnitine administration on fatigue, nutritional status, oxidative stress, and related quality of life in 12 advanced cancer patients undergoing anticancer therapy // Nutrition. – 2006; 22: 136–45.
- Graziano F., Bisonni R., Catalano V. et al. Potential role of levocarnitine supplementation for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced fatigue in non-anaemic cancer patients // Br. J. Cancer. – 2002; 86: 1854–7.
- Cruciani R., Dvorkin E., Homel P. et al. L-carnitine supplementation for the treatment of fatigue and depressed mood in cancer patients with carnitine deficiency: a preliminary analysis // Ann. NY Acad. Sci. – 2004; 1033: 168–76.
- Cruciani R., Dvorkin E., Homel P. et al. Safety, tolerability and symptom outcomes associated with L-carnitine supplementation in patients with cancer, fatigue, and carnitine deficiency: a phase I/II study // J. Pain Symptom Manage. – 2006; 32: 551–9.
- Higuchi T., Abe M., Yamazaki T. et al. Effects of levocarnitine on brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial // Nutrients. – 2014; 6 (12): 5992–6004.
- Fukuda S., Koyama H., Kondo K. et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation on fatigue, and autonomic and immune dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial // PLoS One. – 2015; 10: e0119578.
- Guarnieri G. Carnitine in maintenance hemodialysis patients // J. Ren. Nutr. – 2015; 25 (2): 169–75.
- Chen Y., Abbate M., Tang L. et al. L-Carnitine supplementation for adults with end-stage kidney disease requiring maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2014; 99 (2): 408–22.
- Vidot H., Carey S., Allman-Farinelli M. et al. Systematic review: the treatment of muscle cramps in patients with cirrhosis // Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. – 2014; 40 (3): 221–32.
- Bonafé L., Berger M., Que Y. et al. Carnitine deficiency in chronic critical illness // Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. – 2014; 17 (2): 200–9.
- Puskarich M., Finkel M., Karnovsky A. et al. Pharmacometabolomics of L-carnitine treatment response phenotypes in patients with septic shock // Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. – 2015; 12 (1): 46–56.
- von Haehling S., Anker S. Treatment of cachexia: An overview of recent developments // Int. J. Cardiol. – 2015; 184: 736–42.
- Derosa G., Cicero A., Gaddi A. et al. The effect of L-carnitine on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in hypercholesterolemic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus // Clin. Ther. – 2003; 25: 1429–39.
- Molfino A., Cascino A., Conte C. et al. Caloric restriction and L-carnitine administration improves insulin sensitivity in patients with impaired glucose metabolism // JPEN. – 2010; 34: 295–9.
- Dambrova M., Liepinsh E. Risks and benefits of carnitine supplementation in diabetes // Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. – 2015; 123 (2): 95–100.
- Rauschert S., Uhl O., Koletzko B. et al. Metabolomic biomarkers for obesity in humans: a short review // Ann. Nutr. Metab. – 2014; 64 (3–4): 314–24.
- Zhang J., Wu Z., Cai Y. et al. L-carnitine ameliorated fasting-induced fatigue, hunger, and metabolic abnormalities in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled study // Nutrition. – 2014; 26 (13): 110.
- Bene J., Komlosi K., Gasztonyi B. et al. Plasma carnitine ester profile in adult celiac disease patients maintained on long-term gluten free diet // World J. Gastroenterol. – 2005; 11: 6671–5.
- Horoshilov I.E. Kaheksija i istoschenie: patogenez, diagnostika i lechenie // Klinicheskoe pitanie. – 2007; 3: 51–4.
- Costa M., Canale D., Filicori M. et al. L-carnitine in idiopathic asthenozoospermia: a multicenter study. Italyan Study Group on Carnitine and Male Infertility // Andrologia. – 1994; 26: 155–9.
- Shang X., Wang L., Mo D. Effect and safety of L-carnitine in the treatment of idiopathic oligoasthenozoospermia: a systemic review // Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue. – 2015; 21 (1): 65–73.
- Kopelevich V.M. Chudo karnitina / M.: Genezis, 2003; 80 s.
- Horoshilov I.E., Panov P.B. Klinicheskaja nutritsiologija: uch. posobie. Pod red. A.V.Shabrova / SPb: ELBI-SPb, 2009; 284 s.
- Kępka A., Chojnowska S., Okungbowa O. et al. The role of carnitine in the perinatal period // Dev. Period. Med. – 2014; 18 (4): 417–25.
- De Sousa C., Chalmers R., Stacey T. et al. The response to L-carnitine and glycine therapy in isovaleric academia // Eur. J. Pediatr. – 1986; 144: 451–6.
- Roe C., Bohan T. L-carnitine therapy in propionicacidaemia // Lancet. – 1982; 1: 1411–2.
- Seccombe D., James L., Booth F. L-carnitine treatment in glutaric aciduria type 1 // Neurology. – 1986; 36: 264–7.
- Brin I.L., Neudahin E.V., Dunajkin M.L. Karnitin v pediatrii: issledovanija i klinicheskaja praktika / M.: Medpraktika-M, 2015; 112 s.
- Suhorukov V.S. Lechenie i profilaktika energodefitsitnyh sostojanij s primeneniem preparata El'kar / M., 2007; 16 s.
- Nikolaeva E.A., Harabadze M.N., Zolkina I.V. i dr. Nedostatochnost' karnitina u detej s nasledstvennymi boleznjami obmena veschestv i mitohondrial'nymi zabolevanijami: osobennosti patogeneza i effektivnost' lechenija // Pediatrija. – 2013; 3: 42–8.
- Bowman B. Acetyl-L-carnitine and Alzheimer’s disease // Nutr. Rev. – 1992; 50: 142–4.
- Calvani M., Carta A., Caruso G. et al. Action of acetyl-L-carnitine in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease // Ann. NY Acad. Sci. – 1992; 663: 483–6.
- Salvioly G., Neri M. L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the elderly // Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. – 1994; 20: 169–76.
- Wang S., Han C., Lee S. et al. A review of current evidence for acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of depression // J. Psychiatr. Res. – 2014; 53: 30–7.
- De Falco F., D’Angelo E., Grimaldi G. et al. Effect of acetyl-L-carnitine in Down’s syndrome // Clin. Ter. – 1994; 144: 123–7 [Italian].
- Arnold L., Amato A., Bozzolo H. et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a multisite, Placebo-controlled pilot trial // J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol. – 2007; 17: 791–802.
- Radzhabkadiev R.M., Korosteleva M.M., Evstratova V.S. i dr. L-karnitin: svojstva i perspektivy primenenija v sportivnoj praktike // Voprosy pitanija. – 2015; 84: 4–11.
- Lekarstva i BAD v sporte: prakticheskoe rukovodstvo dlja sportivnyh vrachej, trenerov i sportsmenov. Pod red. R.D. Sejfully, Z.G. Ordzhonikidze / M.: Litera, 2003; 320 s.
- Parastaev S.A., Topol'skij A.V., Hvan D.E. i dr. O rezul'tatah primenenija L-karnitina (preparat El'kar) u sportsmenov vysokoj kvalifikatsii // Sportivnaja meditsina: nauka i praktika. – 2012; 2: 21–8.
- Dragan G., Vasiliu D., Georgescu E. et al. Studies concerning chronic and acute effects of L-carnitine on some biological parameters in elite athletes // Physiologie. – 1987; 24: 2–28.
- Balykova L.A., Ivjanskij S.A., Schekina N.V. i dr. Itogi i perspektivy metabolicheskoj korrektsii stress-oposredovannyh narushenij v detskom sporte preparatom El'kar // Sportivnaja meditsina: nauka i praktika. – 2014; 1: 1–8.
- Balykova L.A., Ivjanskij S.A., Urzjaeva A.N. i dr. El'kar v detskoj sportivnoj praktike // Ros. vestn. perinatol. i pediat. – 2013; 5: 102–8.
- Katz D., Friedman R. Nutrition in clinical practice. 2nd ed. / Philadelphia etc.: Lippincott Willams and Wilkins, 2008; 570 p.
- Wang Z., Klipfell E., Benneth B. et al. Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease // Nature. – 2011; 472: 57–63.
- Koeth R., Wang Z., Levison B. et al. Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis // Nat. Med. – 2013; 19 (5): 576–85.
- Tang W., Hazen S. The contributory role of gut microbiota in cardiovascular disease // J Clin. Invest. – 2014; 124 (10): 4204–11.
- Ussher J., Lopaschuk G., Arduini A. Gut microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine and cardiovascular risk // Atherosclerosis. – 2013; 231 (2): 456–61.
- Johri A., Heyland D., Hétu M. et al. Carnitine therapy for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease: evidence and controversies // Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. – 2014; 24 (8): 808–14.
- Ferguson J. Meat-loving microbes: do steak-eating bacteria promote atherosclerosis? // Circ. Cardiovasc. Genet. – 2013; 6: 308–9.
- Kashuh E.A., Ivashkin V.T. Probiotiki, metabolizm i funktsional'noe sostojanie serdechno-sosudistoj sistemy // Ros. zhurn. gastroenterol., gepatol., koloproktol. – 2016; 1: 8–14.